Workplace Romance - 2003 Words

SEXUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE Licresha Pierce Strayer University Professor Honore Workplace romance exists when two members of the same organization develop a relationship with mutual attraction. Individuals who develop workplace romances may cause damages to morale and productivity. However companies are still confused whether or not they should interfere in the romantic relationship. Many companies are trying to figure out what department should get involved and what policies should be set and should there be set guidelines? There are pros and cons to developing a relationship with a co- worker. Some advantages would be to motivate employees, improve teamwork, communications and cooperation. Some disadvantages would be work†¦show more content†¦CRA is a vague area and it can be one person’s word against the other when it goes sour. Ethical principles are based on the individual or group and what they think is right or wrong. What may seem right to some maybe wrong to others. So companies need to keep in mind the different beliefs. There is also a right to privacy, so by implementing a CRA it should be clear. Nonfraternization policies â€Å"Having clear policies that govern behaviors and relationships acceptable in the workplace is the first step employers should take to control dangerous workplace romances† (Lieber 2008). There are different types of nonfraternization policies. Some employees ban on any dating in the workplace. They are not legally enforced because they are considered overbroad. Another policy prohibits supervisors from dating and employee because of the power between the two may cause the employee to feel pressured to start or stay in the relationship and finally the most common and most recommended policy prohibits supervisors from dating subordinates who are in the supervisor’s direct chain of command. Ethical behavior should be considered when allowing workplace romance. I think from an employer’s perspective they have to consider certain things such as respecting a person’s moral principles such as honesty, fairness, equality, resp ecting the dignity, diversity and the rights of other people. Being ethical means doing the right thing in any situation.Show MoreRelatedConsensual Relationship Agreements1966 Words   |  8 PagesStudy Tracy Duckett Dr. Ronnie Jones Bus. 520 Leadership and Organizational Behavior Fall Quarter 2012 Abstract It is not uncommon that an office romance will develop between co-workers; based on the fact that majority of their lifetime is spent at their place of employment. Employers are aware of this possibility and have workplace romance policies to protect themselves and the parties in the relationship. Consensual Relationship Agreements (CRAs) are one of the policies that protect theRead MoreOffice Romance Essay2407 Words   |  10 PagesIt is not morally acceptable for employers to make generalized rules against dating in the workplace. Such rules violate the employee’s personal rights and may act against a company’s best interests. There are morally and legally acceptable exceptions, however, when specific romantic relationships, such as those between supervisors and subordinates, are likely to create a financial and legal liability for a company, and hamper the company from conducting business. In these cases, it would be morallyRead MoreThe State Of Sexual Harassment8 58 Words   |  4 PagesSexual Harassment in America: What is the Status of Sexual Harassment in the US Workplace Today? Journal of Global Business Management, 8(1), 133-138. Unwanted sexual advances are inappropriate whether or not an individual is at work. This article speaks to the minds of people who have been sexually harassed at work in the 2000s. When written, the article explained that in the last two years sexual harassment in the workplace had actually increased. It also explains the difference between a minor incidentRead MoreThe Use of Consensual Relationship Agreements1344 Words   |  5 PagesArgue for the use of Consensual Relationship Agreements (CRAs) in your current (or future) workplace. 2. Create a counter argument against the use of CRAs in your current (or future) workplace. 3. Discuss the ethical principles involved in the use of CRAs. 4. Create at least one (1) other option besides CRAs that would address workplace romances. Workplace romances happen all the time. *Love is in the air reports that between 6 million to 8 million Americans enter into such relationships everyRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1253 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace What cause sexual harassment in the workplace? Sexual harassment is defined as discrimination towards sex. It is unwanted verbal and/or physical contact between two human beings, however, in this case I would like to focus on the workplace (co-worker or supervisor). Based on Civil Rights Act of 1991, there has been an increased amount of incentives for employer’s prohibition conducts of sexual harassment. How people perceive and evaluate sexual harassmentRead MoreEssay Consensual Relationship1258 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Consensual  Relationship Agreements at the work place rules and regulations should be strictly enforced in the offices. Consensual Relationship Agreement refers to the romance relationships between employees at the work place. Great deals of individuals have opinions about consensual relationships agreements. My opinion is that the agreement should be signed by every employee and this procedure would be more effective for the organizational and employee. This study is conducted based onRead MoreRelationship Between Co Workers And Workplace1104 Words   |  5 Pageshappen at any time at any place. It is often considered as a taboo issue, but workplace romance and relatives relationship at work is a reality. Workplace can be considered a second home for most people, as they spend nearly half of a day or even more there. Thus, it can become a dating environment; affinities with co-workers can develop and can lead to workplace romance, friendship and sexual relationship. Workplace relationships can create major issues to companies, and the interesting aspectRead More Dating in The Workplace Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pagesthat most coworkers are finding themselves involved in an office romance? According to recent studies, 48% of employees admit to being involved in an office romance at some point in their careers (Voo). Several studies indicate that a high percentage of employees have been involved in an office romance at some point in their careers (Neff). While there are fears amongst companies concerning dating in the workplace, they seem to be more accepting to the changing social climatesRead MoreAn Employee’S Right To Privacy In The Workplace Is An Increasingly1349 Words   |  6 Pagesin the workplace is an increasingly controversial legal topic, especially in an age of increased technology. These days, employers can virtually monitor all workplace communications made by employees using computers such as the Internet and company email. While the law generally allows this monitoring, some employee’s view it is a violation of their privacy. Other bothersome topics on an employee’s right to privacy in the workplace is employee drug or honesty testing, and whether romance in theRead MoreInterpersonal Behavior Within the Organization1389 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Interpersonal behavior is the interaction between two or more persons. It is imperative to building and maintaining any type of relationship in our social world. However, when looking at interpersonal behavior in the workplace, things become a little more complicated. Interpersonal behavior affects the relationships between coworker and coworker, coworker and supervisor, and even worker and customer. Interpersonal relationships are important in career and job success. Positive

Environmental Law in New Zealand Free Essays

Environmental Law in New Zealand Introduction New Zealand is in an enviable position as it has been able to learn from the mistakes of other nations, however this does not mean disasterous environmental issues cannot arise here. Fortunately New Zealand has well established environmental laws with several legislative statutes and governmental authorities. Following international trends and heightened awareness of environmental issues throughout the years the legislation has become increasingly integrated. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Law in New Zealand or any similar topic only for you Order Now Arising from international research and public concern new statutes have also been created the most significant of which is the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Contributing Factors and Benefits Before the RMA, New Zealand environmental law and its administration was similar to that of many other countries, consisting of an assortment of uncoordinated and overlapping statutes, regulations and practices. The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Act 1941 was the first of such legislative statutes centred on use of the land and resources. Social change in the 1960’s spurred awareness of environmental issues in New Zealand with events such as the Save Manapouri Campaign (1959-1972) opposing the development of the hydro-electric scheme planned for Lake Manapouri. During this period several statutes were created, the Nature Conservation Council Act 1962 and the Environment Council in 1970 acknowledging that economic interests can often override environmental concerns. The Save Manapori Campaign culminated in 1972 with a change of government, the newly elected Labour Government set about fulfilling it’s election promise of environmental reform creating the Commision for the Environment. The agency later became the Office of the Parliamentary Commisioner for the Environment after the creation of the Environment Act 1986 establishing the Ministry for the Environment. The Department of Conservation, the Ministry of Conservation and Fish and Game were formed shortly after with the implementation of the Conservation Act 1987. In January 1988, Deputy Prime Minister Geoffrey announced a comprehensive review of the many environment and resource acts in place, as well as the procedures for assessing environmental effects. This Resource Mangagement Law Review (RMLR) was established to address concerns by environmentalists and Maori who both believed the public lacked access to information and the government had too much power. Along with inadequate protection of resources and little attention to Maori and environmental values in economic decisions. The review was managed by the Ministry for the Environment encompassing Maori ideas of stewardship and sustainability it focused on existing New Zealand resource law and public reaction to deficiencies within those laws. The RMLR was drafted and the subsequent Resource Management Bill was put before parliament but not passed into law before the 1990 general election. The victorious National Party decided to continue the process of resource management reform. Minister for the Environment Simon Upton reviewed the bill and to the surprise of many made it greener, changing the bill from its original objective of balancing economics and environment to constraining economical objectives to suit the environment, embracing the approach of sustainable management. Upton addressed parliament on his re-written RMA stating that its purpose was not one of contolling and planning economic activity but one of sustaining, rectifying and mitigating the effects on the use of natural resources. The bill was passed in 1991 and has become the preeminant legislation concerning the management of the environment in New Zealand replacing 69 Acts and 19 regulations, it describes sustainable management as: (1) The purpose of this Act is to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources. 2) In this Act, sustainable management means managing the use, development, and protection of natural and physical resources in a way, or at a rate, which enables people and communities to provide for their social, economic, and cultural well-being and for their health and safety while— (a) sustaining the potential of natural and physical resources (excluding minerals) to meet the reasonably foreseeable needs of future generations; and (b) safeguardi ng the life-supporting capacity of air, water, soil, and ecosystems; and (c) avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse effects of activities on the environment. Ministry for the Environment, 2011). 2011 has also seen a further addition to the RMA and environmental law in New Zealand with the implementation of the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). The EPA will perform tasks once performed by the Ministry for the Environment, the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Environmental Risk Management Authority. International Influences The 1970’s was a time of increased international concern for the environment, this spawned the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972. Representatives from 113 countries met for the first time to discuss the state of the global environment. The conference culminated with the signing of a declaration containing 26 principles concerning the environment and development, an action plan with 109 recommendations, and a resolution (Baylis ; Smith, 2005). This action is widely seen as the beginning of modern political and public awareness of global environmental issues, paving the way for further international collaborations such as the Kyoto Protocol of which New Zealand is a signatory and the World Commission on Environment and Development . The Brundtland Commision previously known as the World Commission on Environment and Development is perhaps the biggest international influence on the creation of the RMA, convened by the United Nations in 1983 the commision focused on the degredation of the environment and natural resources and the resulting consequences. In 1987 the commision released a report on the matter, titled Our Common Future the report centres on the concept of sustainable development and the political changes required to achieve it. New Zealand’s response to the report was that of agreeance, a report consisting of a step-by-step response to 12 areas of concern highlighted by the Commission was submitted to the United Nations General Assembly (McChesney, 1991). The Newly formed Ministry for the Environment was tasked with following up the Brundtland Report which it did by means of RMLR resulting in the RMA in 1991. Role of the RMA in New Zealand The RMA is built on the idea of sustainable resource management, it encourages communities and individuals to become involved in planning for the future environment. The RMA provides the guidelines for how the environment should be managed especially how the environmental effects of our activities should be managed. In accordance with the RMA, regional and district councils are to monitor activities, and respond to complaints about those activities that the public believe are negatively affecting the environment. It is important to realise that the RMA is largely effects based, if the applicant can prove that the effects of the development on the environment are unproblematic, then they may be allowed to continue. The RMA however has not absolved the Conservation Act 1987 and the Environment Act 1986, the authorities created by these Acts such as Fish and Game and the Department of Conservation also play an active part in supporting or appealing resource consents. Any proposed plans to use or develop natural resources that are not permitted by the rules of the RMA require the authorisation of a resource consent from the local council. Five different consents types exist, defined by the RMA as: (a) a consent to do something that otherwise would contravene section 9 or section 13 (in this Act called a land use consent): (b) a consent to do something that otherwise would contravene section 11 (in this Act called a subdivision consent): (c) a consent to do something in a coastal marine area that otherwise would contravene any of sections 12, 14, 15, 15A, and 15B (in this Act called a coastal permit): (d) a consent to do something (other than in a coastal marine area) that otherwise would contravene section 14 (in this Act called a water permit): (e) a consent to do something (other than in a coastal marine area) that otherwise would contravene section 15 (in this Act called a discharge permit). (Ministry for the Environment, 2011). An application must be submitted to the local council containing a description of the planned activity along with an assessment of the effects on the environment. If the activity is not pro hibited by the local and regional plan the resource consent will be processed and the application may be publicly notified (not all are publicly notified) whereby anyone can make a submission on the application. Organisations such as the Department of Conservation, Fish and Game and Forest and Bird have become key proponents of the submission process, opposing consents that harm flora and fauna. After receipt of all information required from the applicant and subsequent public submissions and public hearings the decision is made. Anyone who has made a submission and is dissatisfied with the outcome can appeal to the Environment Court. The resource consent process (Ministry for the Environment, 2009) The Environment Court previously know as the Planning Tribunal came to fruition in 1996 after ammendments to the RMA (Environment Court, 2007), among other things the court arbitrates RMA appeals. The court hears appeals on resource consent decisions, however it does not review the decision made by local authorities instead it hears any evidence it requires and makes its own decision overriding or upholding the original decision. The court does not belong to the regular New Zealand judicial hierarchy (District, Supreme, High Court) although it carries the powers of a District Court allowing it to enforce the RMA and conduct criminal or civil proceedings. Conclusion Environmental Law in New Zealand has been significantly overhauled throughout the years from barely existent to now having three key pieces of legislation enabling conservation and sustainable management. The RMA is a hugely important perhaps revolutionary piece of legislation, largely focused on the issue of sustainable management, a relatively new concept at the time. Unlike previous legislative statutes the RMA ambitiously incorporates management of the land, air, sea and fresh water into a single piece of legislation. It has effectively decentralised the governments power on the use of natural resources. Local and district authorities now make the decisions themselves following the principle that the decisions should be made closest to the resources affected. References Baylis, J. , Smith, S. (2005). The Globalization of World Politics (3rd ed). Oxford University Press, p. 454-455. Environment Court of New Zealand (2007). Environment Court. Retrieved from http://www. justice. govt. nz/courts/environment-court McChesney , I (1991). The Brundtland Report and sustainable development in New Zealand . Centre for Resource Management Lincoln University and University of Canterbury , p. 22. Ministry for the Environment (2009). An Everyday Guide to the Resource Management Act Series 2. 1: Applying for a Resource Consent. Retrieved from http://www. mfe. govt. nz/publications/rma/everyday/consent-apply/ Ministry for the Environment (2011). New Zealand Legislation: Acts. Retrieved from http://www. legislation. govt. nz/act/public/1991/0069/latest/DLM230265. html How to cite Environmental Law in New Zealand, Essays

Service Evaluation of Speech Sound Therapy System

Question: Discuss about the Service Evaluation of Speech Sound Therapy System. Answer: Introduction Sound therapy has direct impact on mental health of children with behavioural disorder. This is one of the effective benefits of technological advancement within healthcare sector that is providing cue to mental health of children with behavioural disorders (Flick 2015). This area needs to be researched on because this therapy is helping children getting treated. This assignment is elaborating the analysis on the thesis statement provided and considering literature review, methodology and considered timeline for the research area. In addition to this, the considered timeline for research process is also provided in this assignment with respect to various segments involved within the research process. Weekly basis estimation of the research process helps the research in evaluating the impact of sound therapy on children who are having behavioural disorders. In contrast with these facts, the literature review presented in this assignment also provided various supportive evidences on the research topic. Literature Review Sound therapy has been proved to be best suited solution for the children having behavioural disorders from years. There are various evidences that supports the fact that sound therapy presents soothing emotional contact with environment among these children those are having mental disorders. According to Silverman (2016), most beneficial effect of sound therapy is the reduced stress and blood pressure that help these children to be powered up and they get refreshment in their life. In addition to this, there are various examples of treatments and related to music therapy that provides miraculous examples of cure among these kinds of children those deaf can now listen to various sounds involved within our environment. There are various diseases that have destroys power of children to understanding the natural aspects of human. According to Soundtherapy.com (2017), it is found that Autism disease can be normalized with the help of sound therapy. This disease includes abnormality within children and they are unable to communicate with normal human with the same set of reactions and set of emotions. Sound therapy is considered as most effective one in this field as this therapy provided increase of psychological balance among autistic children. With the help of musical language the children can easily share their emotions among normal human. According to Headstronglearningcenter.com (2017), it is found that the sound therapy stimulates the frontal lobe and this therapy can easily restore the childs ability of thinking. There are various behavioural issues that abnormal children face due to lack of thinking power among them. These children are not capable of thinking properly various aspects. Therefore, this aspect can also be taken as one advantage of sound therapy on children having behavioural issues with them. There are various evidences that are supporting the effective impact of sound therapy on the children with mental disorders. Among all of these evidences some are provided in this assignment. In contrast with these facts, the critical review of these articles and information resources provide support to the cure of mental health of behaviourally disordered children. Methodology The methodology is the definition of research plans and the development of supportive research structure for fulfilling the research processes (Aghai et al. 2015). In contrast with these facts, there are various critical aspects that highlight the positive impact of sound therapy on children having behavioural disorders and impacts of sound therapy on these children are being concerned in this research. In accordance with the research topic research approach is chosen to be deductive and the research philosophy is selected as the positivism approach (Hoare et al. 2014). These approaches and philosophy is helpful in understanding impacts and importance of sound therapy on these special children. Various surveys are taken into consideration for understanding these impacts. In addition to this, the research is also dependent on the secondary data that are collected from literature reviews and it reveals the responses of various other researches done on this topic. Therefore, primary and secondary data are concerned with these approaches. The participants of surveys, tests and interviews are chosen with respect to their connections with children having behavioural issues. This research considers those participants that are involved within treatment with respect to sound therapy. Primary data are collected from the survey of 50 to 100 respondents and listening test of minimum 15 candidates. The secondary data is collected from 20 participants of control group and interview of 3 different people. Therefore, based on these primary and secondary data collection methods the research process collects its important and crucial data that are needed during the execution of the research. There are various ways of removing personal bias. Snow ball sampling is considered for reducing personal bias within this research process. Therefore, personal bias is controlled and removed with the help of snow ball sampling techniques. The incorporated of this technique is helpful in keeping the personal biasing apart from the research. Apart from all of these aspects, the ethical consideration is also involved within this research process (Hrastelj and Knight 2016). The researcher easily considered as one factor in checking the ethical aspect involved within the research process. While taking the interviews and surveys the research may take right or wrong decisions. This aspects make the researchers decision one factor involved within ethical decision making. Listening tests are mainly applied on the respondents those are primarily victims of unnatural behavioural disorders. These primary responses are helpful in collecting data about effective responses of these children for impact analysis of sound therapy. Group of people involved within surveys are considered based on their experiences on sound therapy for treatment of children having behavioural disorders. Timeline Main activities/ stages Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Topic Selection Data collection from secondary sources Creating layout Literature review Formation of the research Plan Selection of the Appropriate Research Techniques Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data Collection Findings of the Data Conclusion of the Study Formation of Rough Draft and presentation Submission of Final Work The above table is showing the scheduled timeline for various research segments involved within the research. In contrast with these facts, Topic Selection, Data collection from secondary sources, Literature review, Formation of the research Plan, Selection of Research Techniques, data collection, Analysis Interpretation of Data Collection, Findings of the Data, Conclusion of the Study, Formation of Rough Draft, Submission of Final Work that is considered as the independent facts involved within the research process (Aghai et al. 2015). In accordance with the scheduled outline for research execution it is found that week 2, 4, 9 and 13 are considered for starting with the obvious set up of the research methodologies (Hoare et al. 2014). The remaining weeks schedules the objectives required for tasks involved within the research methods. In addition to this, the 13th week decides whether the research is completed or not. Therefore, this research processing schedule will be helpful for the researcher in analyzing the importance of the sound therapy for curing behavioural disorders among children. References Aghai, B., Rejeh, N., Heravi, M., Ebadi, A., Moradyan, T., Tadrissi, D. and MirSadeghi, A., 2015. The effect of nature-based sound therapy on shortening length of mechanical ventilation in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery patients during the weaning from mechanical ventilation.Journal of Critical Care Nursing,7(4), pp.209-214. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Headstronglearningcenter.com 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.headstronglearningcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Benefits-of-Sound-Therapy.pdf [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Hoare, D.J., Searchfield, G.D., El Refaie, A. and Henry, J.A., 2014. Sound therapy for tinnitus management: practicable options.Journal of the American Academy of Audiology,25(1), pp.62-75. Hrastelj, L. and Knight, R.A., 2016. Ingressive speech errors: a service evaluation of speech?sound therapy in a child aged 4; 6.International Journal of Language Communication Disorders. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Soundtherapy.com. 2017.Children, adults with autism, aspergers benefit from sound therapy. [online] Available at: https://www.soundtherapy.com.au/how-it-helps/children/autism/ [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons.

Waterproof Sunscreen Lotions

Table of Contents Introduction Summary Description Explanation Comment Evaluation Conclusion Work Cited Introduction Vitamin D is one of the vital diet requirements which is absorbed through the skin and prevents the formation of rickets among human beings. Therefore, exposure to the sun is always very healthy. However, lately people have discovered that due to the depletion of the Ozone layer (due to addition of greenhouse gases), human beings are now exposed to harmful ultraviolet rays known to cause sun burns, premature wrinkling of the skin and also the dreadful skin cancer.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Waterproof Sunscreen Lotions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To prevent the skin cancer and other side effects, there have been campaigns of using waterproof sunscreen lotions such as the Sunblock which is a product that provides a coating on the skin which prevents sun burns and sun damages (Cooper 1 21). To prevent early exposure of their children to the harmful Ultraviolet rays, parents have been applying sunscreen lotions to their bodies but despite the good functions that these lotions serve at protecting people skins, if used carelessly it can lead to disaster. For example if a waterproof sunscreen lotion enters into a child or anyone eyes, it is hard to remove them using water since they are water proof and if there is reluctance in contacting the doctors, it can cause permanent blindness. Summary Description Waterproof sunscreen lotions are good at protecting your child against skin cancer which can be caused by the exposure to the sunlight, but while many people use the lotions in their day to day life, it is important to note that there are negative repercussions if the lotions are not used well. As shown in the case of the parent who applied a waterproof sunscreen lotion on his son and without knowing the son got some into his eyes before it had dried, most likely from his hands. The sunscreen lotion caused irritation and the child cried since it was hurting but the use of water to help ease the irritation could not work since the lotion was waterproof. When he called the Poison Control Centre and explained what had happened, they told him to take the child to Emergency Room where on arrival without wasting time, they applied some chemicals in the boy’s eyes to dilute and remove the waterproof sunscreen. For the first time, the parent realized that people do lose their eyes from the effects of waterproof sunscreen as it burns the eyes completely and although his son lost his eyesight for two days, at least he was lucky to recover fully. The parents later called the sunscreen company and informed them about the problem, where the management admitted the problem but they said skin cancer was more serious than blindness thus the continued ignorance. They also argued out that they can’t warn the parents because their products would lose market due to fear. The parent then suggested that they should thus change the ingredients used in making the lotion.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To show the seriousness of this matter, the parents did a huge article warning other parents of the danger their kids were exposed to when using the waterproof sunscreen lotions but knowing that waterproof sunscreen use could not stop, they warned them not to stop using it but just be careful that their kids don’t touch their eyes at least for 15 minutes after applying and if done accidentally they should always contact Emergency Rooms at once. Explanation The article is trying to warn other parents who apply lotions to their children of the impending disaster they expose their children to if not applied well or if the sunscreen lotion got into the child’s eyes. This is clearly given by the situation the writer fou nd himself in when his son touched his eyes with the waterproof sunscreen. Even after trying to apply water in the boy’s eyes nothing seemed to work and he had to contact the Poisons Control Centre who directed him to visit the Emergency Room immediately as his son could be in danger of loosing eyesight. To make sure that every parent got this information, the parents did a huge article on the matter in the city, and then visited several newsrooms warning the parents of the risks involved though informing them not to stop using the lotion but use it carefully. Comment With the parents having been warned, there is likelihood of reduced use of the waterproof sunscreen lotion. Parents might shift to using sunscreen lotions which are not water proof as water can help in diluting the chemicals before reaching the hospitals for proper medication and thus reducing the adverse effects. The parents are also likely to be more careful in the roles they play on their children upkeep beca use if not careful, poor storage of certain substances such as the waterproof sunscreen can lead to grave dangers to the children who might use them carelessly without knowing. Evaluation The text is persuasive due to the fact that the author of the article states that to show the seriousness of the matter, he contacted the sunscreen company and enquired why they produced substances which they knew were dangerous if carelessly used without warning the users.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Waterproof Sunscreen Lotions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The parents went further and did a huge article in the city warning against the same, and finally visited newsrooms warning the parents of the risks involved. However, this persuasiveness is lost when he informs the parent not to stop using the sunscreen they be just careful that it never find its way in their children eyes. Conclusion It is healthy and important t o use waterproof sunscreen for protection against cancer which results from sun exposure but it is also advisable to use water proof sunscreen carefully as its contact with sensitive body organs, such as, the eyes can lead to cases of blindness if not attended on time. Work Cited Cooper, Donald. Fundamentals of Search and Rescue. New York: Jones Bartlett Learning, 2005. This report on Waterproof Sunscreen Lotions was written and submitted by user Lance Zimmerman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Example

Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Example Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI), the only National Standards body of Bangladesh, is playingan important role in developing and Promoting industrial Standardization. Keeping in view that Standardization, metrology, testing and quality control in the industrial spheres are the basic pre-requisite of the infrastructure necessary for sound economic development of the country, the Government of Bangladesh has established the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI).The Institutions task is to prepare Standards for all articles, products, methods and services. The Institution can bring any product under BSTI’s Compulsory Certification marking after approval of the Govt. A regulation has already been notified by special Regulatory order named BSTI Regulation 1989 for this purpose. The BSTI marks cannot be used under any circumstances by others without approval in advance from BSTI. Only the standards approved, and passed by the Institution are called Ba ngladesh Standards. About BSTI:The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) was established by the Government through an Ordinance passed in July 1985. BSTI is headed by a Director General. The primary activities of the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) are: standardi- zation of services and products (S); introduction of the international unit system of weights and measures and promotion of metrology services (M); promotion of quality assurance activities; rendering testing facilities for services and products; preparation, promotion and adoption of national standards.The Institution is also empowered with some regulatory measures in these fields. The Institutional budget is fully supported by its own income. The importance of BSTI is being increasingly felt due to the governments cardinal policy to make industries export oriented and to supply the consumers at home and abroad with quality products. The Institution is emerging as a forceful exponent in t he overall development of the country. The introduction of the international unit system (SI Units) and promotion of metrology services are also gaining momentum.ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE BANGLADESH STANDARDS AND TESTING INSTITUTION: The functions of BSTI are conducted through some of its organs. The organs of BSTI are as follows: 1. The BSTI Council .. 2. The sectional Committees .. 3. The Director General and the staff. Following are the organizations, duties and responsibilities of these organs The BSTI Council: The general direction and administration of the affairs and functions of the Institution is vested in a Council,which may exercise all powers and perform all functions, which may exercised or performed by the Institution.BSTI Council, the highest decision making organ of the Institution, consists of the following members: a) The Minister in charge of Ministry of Industries, ex officio, shall also be the chairman of the council. .. b) The Secretary, Ministry of Indus tries, ex officio, shall also be the vice chairman of the council and, .. c) The Director General, ex officio, act as the secretary of the council. .. d) Representative from different Ministries, Business chembers, different scientific organization and Universities.The Council shall in discharging its duties, be guided by such instructions as may be given to it by the Government from time to time. The sectional Committees: ? Chairman ? At least one member from the Institution ? Representatives from relevant Govt. / Autonomous bodies ? Representatives from universities, and ? Representatives from the Chambers of Commerce and Industry. The Director General and staff: BSTI is headed by a Director General who is the principal executive officer of the Institution and is responsible for the proper administration of the Institution.The Director General is appointed by the Government on such terms and conditions as it may determine. Various wings of BSTI ? STANDARDS WING ? LABORATORIES OF B STI ? CERTIFICATION MARKS WING ? METROLOGY ACTIVITIES ? ADMINISTRATION WING Laws governing the activities of BSTI ordinances: 1. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance 37 0f 1985. 2. The Standards of Weights and Measures Ordinance XII of 1982. 3. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Amendment) Ordinance XI of 1988. 4. The Standards of Weights and Measures (Amendment) Act 2001. Regulations: |  |1.The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Employee Service Rules, 1989. | 2. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Rules 1989. 3. The Standards of Weights and Measures Rules 1982. 4. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Employee (Pension Gratuity Rules 2002). The Functions of BSTI: .. (a) To set up Bangladesh Standards of quality and dimensions and prepare and promote the general adoption of standards on national and international basis relating to materials, commodities, structures, practices and operations and, from time to time, to withdraw, revise, alter and amend the same; . (b) To consider and recommend to the Government Bangladesh Standards for the measurement of length, weight mass, volume, and, energy; .. (c) To promote standardization, quality control, metrology and simplification in industry and commerce; .. (d) To secure compliance with the Bangladesh Standards adopted by the Institution by the producers and users; .. (e) To implement Bangladesh Standards through the administration of a national certification mark scheme or inspection of goods or both; . (t) To provide or arrange facilities for examination, testing and inspection of commodities, processes and practices for any investigation, research or promotion of export that may be necessary and to issue test reports; .. (g) To certify the quality of commodities, materials, produces, products and other things including food materials, whether for local consumption, export or import; .. h) To co ordinate the efforts of producers and users f or the improvement of materials, products, code of practice, appliances, processes and methods, so as to eliminate the national waste of material and time involved in the production of an unnecessary variety of patterns and sizes of articles for one and the same purpose; .. (i) To establish and publish, in such manner as may be prescribed, the Bangladesh Standard Specifications in relation to any article or process or code of practice; .. j) to recognize, adopt or endorse as a Bangladesh Standard, in such manner as may be prescribed, any standard established by any other Institution in Bangladesh or in any foreign country, or by international organizations in relation to any article or process; .. (k) To specify a Standard Mark to be called the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Certification Mark which shall be of such design and contain such particulars as may be prescribed to represent a particular Bangladesh Standard; .. l) To grant, renew, reject, suspend or cancel, i n such manner as may be prescribed, a license for the use of Standard Mark; .. (m) To make such inspection and take such samples of any material or substance as may be necessary to see Whether any article or process in relation to which the Standard Mark has been used or proposed to be used conforms to the Bangladesh Standard or whether the Standard Mark has been improperly used in relation to any, article or process with or without license; .. n) To utilize with the permission of the owners, the services of laboratories other than those maintained by the Institution and approve such laboratories for the purpose of the Institution; .. (o) To make arrangements or provide for the facilities, for the testing and calibration of precision instruments, gauges and scientific apparatus and for the issue of certificates in regard thereto so as to make them comply with the required standards; .. (p) To undertake execution of any trust or any agency business which it may consider conducive to the attainment of, its objectives; . (q) To co operate with any person, association, or organization, outside Bangladesh having objectives, similar to those for which the Institution is established; and .. (r) To do all such acts and things ancillary, or incidental to any of the aforesaid, functions. STANDARDISATION IN BANGLADESH It has been more than two thousand years since the rulers of Bengal put stress in the Field of quality. But during the long years since then, development of Quality management used to be very slow.Activities on quality were limited before the 2nd world War. The history of quality management in this subcontinent dates back to pre independent days when the Indian standards Institution was established in pursuance of the British Indian Government resolution in 1946. After partition the Indian standards Institution with Headquarter in Delhi remained there. Pakistan felt the necessity of a standard organization and accordingly a division of standardization start ed working as a part of the Central testing laboratories.Since late 1950s the qualitymanagement work been progressing. The Central Testing laboratory (CTL) government department was established in Dhaka in 1956 to provide testing facilities to government, private industries, organizations and business community. On 3rd October 1958 the Pakistan Standards Institution was established as an autonomous body with it’s headquartered in Karachi. A branch Office of Pakistan standards Institution was set up in Dhaka in 1963. The status of this office was later raised to Regional Office.Another office was set up at Chittagong in the in the name of Certification Marks Inspectorate in the Year 1966. With the Liberation of our country as an independent and sovereign state the Regional office of the erstwhile Pakistan standards Institution started functioning as Bangladesh Standards Institution. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES The bilateral and international relations of the Bangladesh standards testing institution with other countries and various foreign agencies are conducted maturing the BSTIs policies of relation with all organizations abroad.The Bangladesh standards institution is a full member of the international standardization organization (ISO) as such, is the only agency, authorized to represent Bangladesh in international standardization work. The participation to the international work is made either through physical presence in fora where the international standards are prepared in technical committee meetings or by examining and evaluation whether the proposed standard conforms to Bangladesh conditions reporting the finding to the concerned entity.The institution likewise maintains an active participation with the SAARC standing committee on standards, metrology, testing and quality. Chamber of commerce and industries disseminates information on the seminars and symposia organized by these organizations and BSTI ensures, whenever possible, the dispatch or de legations to these events. The BSTI maintains relations with BIPM, OIML, APMP, WTO, ITC, codex A. C. of FAO and other international and regional organization.Quality control and information experts have been brought to the institution, using opportunities offered by the UNDP, BSTI experts attend meeting, seminars and workshops arranged and sponsored by WTO, ITC, SIDA of Sweden, ISO, PRODEC of Finland, INBAR, APMP, CSC, PORIM etc. ROLE OF BSTI IN THE ECONOMY OF BANGLADESH: ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS WINGS OF BSTI LABORATORIES OF BSTI The Laboratory service of the BSTI is provided by its central laboratories in Dhaka established in the year 1956 as well as in Chittagong and Khulna by two other regional labs.The central laboratories consists of three wings and 7 Divisions as . I. Electrical, Electronics and Engineering Laboratories. . 2. Civil, physical and Mechanical Engineering Laboratories. . 3. Textile Laboratories . 4. Chemical Laboratories. . 5. Food and Bacteriological Laboratories. . 6. Metrology Laboratories. . 7. Industrial ; Scientific Metrology Laboratories. The regional laboratories have electrical, chemical and building material section.The following services are provided in general at the BSTIs laboratories . Research work on the draft standards, formulation of opinions and transmittal of the same to applicants; . Study of existing Bangladesh Standards for determining their eventual shortcoming and faults and initiation of action for revisions or modification as the case may be; . In situ examination of the facilities of the companies applying for the use of BSTI Mark, inspection and tests of samples taken and preparation of the relevant report; Laboratory examinations serving as the bases for the issue of production qualification certificates for the facilities of industries covered by the BSTI Ordinance no XXXVII of 1985, conformity to Bangladesh Standards certificates (BSTI Mark) on products for which Bangladesh Standards are available and quali ty conformity certificates on those for which Bangladesh Standards are yet to be published, performance of appropriate inspections and tests on the sampled products and preparation of relevant reports; . Inspection and test of samples forwarded by public and private organizations and preparation of the reports therefore . Inspection and test of samples forwarded by the concerned Ministries, Departments of commodities to which standards apply and preparation of the test reports;. . Method and standard studies in areas where Bangladesh Standards are unavailable. These laboratories perform the following services in their respective areas of interest. PHYSICAL TESTING WING Electrical, Electronics and Engineering laboratories 1. Cable Tests: .In this Laboratory PVC Insulated Cables, Flexible Cord, Power Cable (up to 50kV), Super enameled, Copper Conductor, Transformer oil(Dielectric strength up to 100kV), UPS, IPS, voltage stabilizer etc. are tested here as per relevant BDS and Interna tional Standards. 2. Single phase AC Energy meter: . This subsection is in charge of the inspections and tests shown in the standards for sockets, fixtures, ballasts, bulbs, lamps, breakers, switches and other lighting components and enameled winding wires and reports the results of these inspections and tests as required by the applicable standards. . Lighting Equipment: . In this sub-section executes the tests of Socket, Switches, fixtures, Fluorescent lamp, Filament lamp, Ballast, Circuit breaker. 4. High Voltage: . With capability to perform all tests required are the relevant Standards up to 50 kV, this sub section is in charge of low and high voltage measurement of distribution transformer, Single phase motor. |Civil, Physical and Mechanical Engineering Laboratorie | | |Ceramic Tiles, Ceramic Table Ware, Washbasins, are inspected and tested at these laboratories. Connected components dealing with Bolts, Nuts, Wedges, Nail, Riv and others; Water Tanks, Door Locks, Hinges, Ste el Tubes, Valves, Fire Extinguishers, Concrete Cube/Cylinders and other similar product Testing of Bricks, Sand, Stone Chips, Cement laboratory dealing with the Cement, Aggregates Briquettes, Concrete Components, and M. S Rod Test of PVC Pipe, Ball Point Pen, Paper, Safety Match, G. P Sheet etc. Test of condoms; CHEMICAL TESTING WINGBSTI Chemical testing Laboratory service is provided by its Central Laboratory in Dhaka as will as by three regional Laboratories in Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi. BSTI Chemical Laboratories consist of tow divisions as 1. Chemical Laboratories 2. Food And Bacteriological Laboratories Chemical Laboratories have chemical Food sections. Generally the following services are provided in BSTI Chemical and Food Bacteriological Laboratories. 1. Chemical Laboratories The Chemical Laboratories are well equipped with modern instruments. The Chemical Laboratories provide Service support in -Wet Chemical analysis for analytical determination. Industrial analy sis of organic and inorganic and inorganic materials, Chemical Reagents. Analysis of petroleum and petroleum Products such as Fuel oil, Diesel oil, Lubricating oil and Mobil etc. Soap and Detergents, pulp Paper, Gum-Glue, Leather, Chemical Fertilizer etc. -Metal Testing facilities including Gold. 2. Food And Bacteriological Laboratories Analysis of Cereal Bakery products such as Wheat Wheat Products, Biscuits, Noodles, Instant Noodles, Lachsa Shemai, Chips Crackers, Chanachur, Toffee Lozenges etc. -Analysis of Processed Fruit Products and Fruit Drinks such as Pickle, Jan-Jelly, Sauce, Chutney, Soft Drinks, Milk Milk Products (Ice- cream, Butter) etc. -Bacteriological analysis such as Total plate count, Coliform count, E-coli, Yeast mould count, Pathogenic micro organism for Drinking and mineral water, Soft drink, Milk milk Products, sauce, Chutney, and other Food Cosmetics etc. METROLOGY WING Metrology Laboratories Metrology laboratories ensure the accuracy reliabilit y of measuring instruments. It conducts calibration activities to make sure that the mechanical and thermic measuring instruments and equipment use d industrial production and commercial are well calibrated.It can provide training to the manufacturers, repairers and users of weights, measures and weighing and measuring instruments. Industrial Scientific Metrology Laboratories BSTI has been maintaining reference, secondary and working standards of weights and measures. These standard equipment are being used for calibration and verification of weights, measures and weighting and measuring instruments those are being used in transaction of trade and commerce, Industrial and scientific measurement. CERTIFICATION MARKS WINGQuality Assurance And Certification: The certification mark is a mark attested that the product or service is in conformity with the specific standard. When once this attestation is done by a third party, who is not directly concerned with the sale or purchase of goo ds, the buyer procures the goods bearing the certification mark, with some degree of confidence. The existence of the standard mark on products, certified under this scheme, enables the consumers to distinguish a quality product from an untested/substandard product in the market.Legal basis: Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) operates the certification marks scheme, under which the manufacturers /importers are licensed to use the standard mark on goods produced / imported by them in conformity to the relevant Bangladesh Standard (BDS). This scheme is governed by the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance 1985 and the regulations made there under. The scheme covers Industrial products and agricultural produce and excludes drugs and pharmaceuticals (covered under drug Administration).To provide quick service to the applicants and licensees, BSTI operates through 5 regional branch offices, other than head office to take care of certification marks funct ion. Technical features: The Certification Marks scheme of BSTI incorporates following technical features (a) Initial type testing of products drawn at random from production line, in BSTI Laboratory or any other laboratory approved by BSTI, for conformity to requirements of relevant Bangladesh standard (BDS). (b) Quality audit of samples of certified products, drawn from licensees factory though testing in BSTI laboratory or any other laboratory pproved by BSTI periodically. (c) Quality audit of samples of certified products, drawn from the open market, through testing in BSTI laboratory or any other laboratory approved by BSTI. CONSUMERS PROTECTION The steps taken by the Institution during the period of a licence in operation are as follows: (a) Surprise inspections of the licensees factory are carried out periodically by the Institutions qualified inspecting officers and random samples are taken and tested in BSTI Laboratory. b) Products bearing the standard mark are collect ed by the surveillance team of the institution directly from the open market and tested in BSTI Laboratory. Representatives from the consumers association of Bangladesh (CAB) and the respective chamber of commerce and Industries help the surveillance team in performing its function. (c) Misuse of the Standard Mark by the unscrupulous manufacturer or dealer is punishable as per the provisions of the Ordinance, which provides for penalty and imprisonment to the offending party.Such activities of the unscrupulous manufacturers are brought to the notice of the consumers by different medias like TV, newspapers etc. (d) If the test reports of the sample collected from the market are found not in conformity with the relevant BDS a show cause notice is given to the producer. if the producer fails to reply the show cause notice or the reply of the show cause notice is found not satisfactory, the licence is cancelled and necessary action is taken. (e) Complaints on quality of certified prod ucts can be sent to the nearest branch office of the Institution.Such complaints are investigated including testing of the item in question and if deviations from the relevant Bangladesh Standard are found then necessary action is taken. Simultaneously. Causes for such failures are investigated and steps are taken with the licensee for necessary corrective action to avid recurrence of such deviation in the final product. PRODUCT LABELLING POLICY There is a Product Labelling Policy, 2006 in Bangladesh. At present manufacturers/Impoters labell their product at their own choice.To realise the importance of national product labelling standards, BSTI took initiative to formulate this Product Labelling Policy. Manufacturers name, full address and Country of origin has been incorporated in the product labelling for all products. In addition, Ingredients, Composition, Batch no. , Code no. , Expiry date/Use best before on and other information which are necessary has been incorporated in Che mical, Agriculture and Food products. The weights and measures will be expressed in System International Units.In the 16th Council Meeting of BSTI held on a 10 (ten) members committee headed by Additional Secretary, Ministry of Industries was constituted for the preparation of the final recommendation of the labelling policy. Later on, this committee finalized the product label classifications with the help of different organizations by taking their opinion / recommendations and finalized the Product Labelling Policy to protect the interest of manufacturers, suppliers, importers, exporters and consumers for Free Trade and fair competition. BSTI MOVES AHEADSince its   inception BSTI   has   come a long way. It is expanding, laboratories are   being  Ã‚   strengthened to upgrade at international level. At present BSTI is having 578 employees who will be further expanded. Offices outside Dhaka will also be strengthened for meaningful decentralization, so that the regional off ices can function as a mini BSTI. Realizing its importance the Government amended the existing bar that gave BSTI the required legal authority for quick enforcement and ensure consumers protection. The recent activities of BSTI have aroused enthusiasm among consumers.The Civil society, media and business community are taking interest in the day-to-day activities of BSTI. The Government is determined to make BSTI as an effective organization and extending all possible support to make it as an effective organization. Conclusion: Bangladesh is a developing country and the government is striving relentlessly to attain rapid economic development in the country. Many programs taken so far have been carried out successfully. Despite a lack of resources faced by the government, development programs in the key sectors have continued.At the same time, considering the importance of the private sector, an all-out support is being provided to initiates taken in this sector. As a result, a new ki nd of dynamism is under way in both the private and public sectors. In this backdrop, it is essential to examine various aspects of industrialization and its impacts on overall economic activities. From the above discussion, it is clear that BSTI has been playing an impotant and influencial role to the ecxonomy of Bangladesh. 1

Speed Writing With Fast Notes and Shorthand

Speed Writing With Fast Notes and Shorthand Have you ever gazed at a test question and wondered where on earth it came from? Youre just certain the teacher never, ever covered the information, because it just wasnt in your notes. Then, alas, you discover that some of your classmates did record the information in their notes, and furthermore, they got the question right. This is a common frustration. We miss things when we take class notes. Very few people can write fast enough or concentrate long enough to record everything the teacher says. College lectures can stretch much longer than the lectures you receive in high school  and they can also be very detailed. For this reason, many college students address the potential problem of missing critical information by developing a personalized form of shorthand. This sounds much more complicated than it really is. You dont have to learn a squiggly-line language. You simply come up with a set of symbols or abbreviations for common words that you find in lectures. History of Shorthand Developing shortcuts in your writing is not a new idea, of course. Students have been using this method for as long as theyve been taking class notes. In fact, the origins of shorthand date back to Ancient Greece during the 4th century B.C. However, even prior to that, scribes in ancient Egypt developed two different systems – the  Hieratic  and later  the Demotic  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ which allowed them to write more quickly than they could using complex hieroglyphics. Gregg Shorthand Gregg is essentially a simpler and more efficient way to write than longhand English. Consider that the Roman alphabet we use is much more complicated necessary to distinguish one letter from another. To write a lower-case â€Å"p†, for example, requires a long, downward stroke with a clockwise loop at the top. Then, you have to pick up your pen to move on to the next letter.  Gregg’s â€Å"letters† are comprised of much simpler shapes.  Consonants are made up of either shallow curves or straight lines; vowels are loops or small hooks.  An additional advantage of Gregg is that it’s phonetic. The word â€Å"day† is written as d and a. Since letters are less complicated and joined simply, there are fewer of them to write which will increase your speed! Tips for Using Shorthand The trick is to develop a good system and to do it well. To do that, you have to practice. Try these tips: Develop a list of  the most commonly used words and make shortcuts for them.At the beginning of a term, look through the textbooks for each course. Find the common terms that youll see over and over and develop shortcuts for them.For example, words that might appear frequently in a literature class are character (ch), allegory (alg), allusion (allu), figure of speech (fos), and so on.Practice your course-specific shorthand at the beginning of the term while your text is still new and youre curious and excited about the information. Find a few interesting passages and practice writing them in shorthand.If possible, find a study partner  to read the passages to you. This will simulate the real experience of taking notes during a lecture.Time yourself for each passage you practice. Pretty soon youll start to build up speed. Sample Writing Shortcuts Sample Shortcuts @ at, about, around no. number, amount + bigger, greater, increasing ? who, what, where, why, where ! surprise, alarm, shock bf before bc because rts results resp response X across, between

Focus in literally devices analyze one of the poems and what the poet Essay

Focus in literally devices analyze one of the poems and what the poet is trying to say - Essay Example Despite the peaceful environment the persona and his love listens to the rasping sound of the pebbles that are being dragged by the waves in and out of the ocean. The poet in the second stanza mentions that Sophocles, an historical character associated with the incidences at the shore. This stanza carries us back to the time while helping us link the incident at the shore with what happened in the past. Sophocles might have heard a similar sound in the Aegean that reminded him of human suffering. Such a sound is heard from a distance in the north but all this occurs in the thoughts of the persona. He further talks about the ‘Sea of Faith’ (line 21) that existed at one time but it is only heard. Faith was beheld by a mighty sea that touched on every part of the earth. He asks his love that they ought to be true to one another despite the many issues that surrounds them. He seems to point out that the world that they are in is full of beautiful and good things but it lacks true joy, spiritual light, as well as true love. These are the ingredients of a well-lived life; it could be ironical to leave them out. He mentions that the wor ld is coupled with several uncertainties especially when help is required. The poem has been structured in a manner that it captures diverse aspects within its body. Firstly, the title of the poem closely relates with what is happening. The poets focus is in drawn to Dover beach that is on the French coast despite them occupying a position in England. Secondly, the poem is basically a monologue that consists of thirty seven lines and is divided into four sections, with each having some different view. The first section brings into view the location of the persona and the unfolding of events. The second section talks about Sophocles and what happened to him in relation to the incidence at the Dover beach. He is a person whose history has a basis of the same incidence. The third

Week 5 assignment paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 5 assignment paper - Essay Example These principles and approaches are useful guides to designing training programs to reduce or eliminate discrimination, stereotyping, and prejudice. The best methods that are adopted are those which address behaviour modification, such as workshops and sensitivity seminars, role playing, and group dynamics. These should be followed on the job with the formation of multicultural teams and fostering collaboration among groups to attain a common goal. There are a great variety of training strategies targeted at reducing discrimination, prejudice and stereotypes, which are guided by a basic set of principles. Thirteen principles were articulated by a group of renowned researchers commissioned by the Carnegie Corporation in 1995, with the task of providing guidelines for action to strategy developers in improving intergroup relations (Teaching Tolerance, 2012). The first of these is that strategies should address both institutional and individual sources of prejudice. Strategists make the mistake of directing training and methods to address personal prejudices without providing a remedy for organizational or institutional policies that are discriminatory. The second is strategies should change behavior and motivation, not just inform. Too many training programs stop at providing lectures and seminars that cater to the intellect, but do nothing to transform the behavior and personal outlook of the individual. The fifth in the series is that strategies should have the support and participation of those with power and authority in the organization. Effective programs are those which enjoy the endorsement of top management, because managerial backing minimizes resistance and facilitates resource availability. According to the Denver Foundation (2012), inclusivity training can assume any of three approaches: the intercultural/valuing differences approach (emphasizing and understanding intergroup differences, and celebrating them together),

Ethnic Group Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Group Essay In this essay, I write about ethnic group and why we cannot define an ethnic group by their cultural elements such as language, religion, customs and so on. I write this essay because there is a question about why we cannot define an ethnic group by their culture, whereas culture are one elements of an ethnic. There is problem of seeing ethnic groups as cultural groups; â€Å"the mere fact that two groups of people are of different culture does not necessarily imply – as has nearly always been assumed – that they belong to two quite different social systems (Leach 1954: 17), â€Å"Someone is Lue by virtue of believing and calling himself Lue and of acting in ways that validate his Lueness† (Moerman, 1965:1219), First of all, I want to tell what is ethnic group. Before ethnic groups, anthropologies who study colonial subject and society called society they studied as ‘tribe’ and people they studied as â€Å"tribal people†. The word â€Å"tribe† was replaced by the word â€Å"ethnic groups† by the 1960s because; a tribal society is not as isolated as being assumed, tribal societies interact with one another, and the word tribe reflects Eurocentric views, a sharp qualitative distinction between ourselves and the people we study. There is a problem when we seeing ethnic groups as cultural groups because there will be a different in their practice. For an example, ethnic Java Banyumasan or Banyumas at Indonesia with Orang Jawa of Malaysia. Basically, they are an specific ethnic. But due to geographical differences for example, they have different practice, language, religion and others. In the field of demography, we can see Jawa Banyumasan usually live in the southwest of Central Java. Technically, Jawa Banyumasan is one of the subgroups of the Jawa people groups, but they have their own cultural variations which differ from other Jawa peoples. While The Orang Jawa, (Jawa of Malaysia) has migrated from Central Java, where the same place of Jawa Banyumasan, to Malaysia. This migrations due to Dutch colonization at Indonesia from 1880 to 1930. The Orang Jawa live in peninsular Malaysia in parts of Johor, Malacca, Perak, Selangor, and Kedah. Jawa Banyumasan have typical Javanese dialect. Usually, easy for Jawa Banyumasan to understand conversations with other Jawa dialects. Level of javanese are likely family tree. The higher you go the more similarity or standardization there is. But the lower you go the more variety. However, many other Jawa groups difficult to understand the Banyumasan dialect because of the widespread of Banyumasan vocabulary. While the younger Orang Jawa who use Jawa language being less among them. Most of them cannot remember how to speak it or never learned about it. In their daily live, Most of the Java’s Banyumasan live as a farmer. When we compare with other tribe in Indonesia, Banyumasan have an advance in the way they farm. Other than have a fertile soil, they cultivate the land well and they also have modern equipment to do their farming. Banyumasan also have their own small industries for example woven bamboo and brown sugar. To meet other needs, this commodity is sold to other regions. For Orang Jawa (Malaysia), their new generations who live in city have assimilated with the general Malay culture. Now they also work as a bankers, pilots, accountants, politicians, and also engineers. They well known as a efficient and industrious people. In Selangor, some of Orang Jawa work as a Islamic religious teacher. Orang Jawa who live in villages, they still maintains their identity and traditions. People who are not Jawa but come from other Malay group, when they married with Orang Jawa, they also claimed or called themselves as Orang Jawa, or Jawa Peranakan. Other than grown up their own vegetables, and livestock, they also involved in tourism activities by make their way of life as a tourist attraction. Orang jawa well known as a friendly people. They usually will invite visitors to share meal with their families even though they often have a large family with some having between 10 to 17 children. Marital affairs is a big thing to Orang Jawa. Sometimes, they celebrate marriages last up to three days. Giving gift to the newlyweds are also a common thing for Orang Jawa. They more to help each other rather than during weddings rather than receive a larges sum of money. In their belief, or religion, majority of Java’s Banyumas are Muslims. However, around 80% of them are â€Å"Muslim identity card† (abangan). While the other 20% were devout Muslim (students), who are pious Muslim and lead Islamic teaching seriously. Other than that, some of Java’s Banyumas still believe in animism. They also believe with spirits such as bujungan, jangkrong, and dhemit. Places like grave, mountains, caves and sea it is considered sacred. When they sick or being disturbed by spirits, they will using shaman to help them. They often hold ceremonies with mantras and offerings to their areas protected by disasters. While the Orang Jawa are usually Sunni Muslims. During wedding ceremonies and circumcision, they perform the jedur, a songs of praise to the Prophet of Muhammad which have been compiled in a book called Silawatan. They will also perform the kempling, a type of dance to giving praise to Allah during religious occasions. During the performance, they will use tools where made of lambs wool and wood. Before and after the dance, Quran is being read. It takes a group of ten to twenty people to perform it. The kempling performance is a time for people to get together to build ethnic solidarity and unity. They also will share problem to the other members during the performance. As a conclusion, due to differences in their cultural elements such as language, religion, customs, way of life and so on, we cannot define an ethnic group by their culture. The cultural boundaries do not always correspond with ethnic boundaries. Like Edmund Leach, Political systems of Highland Burma: A study of Kachin Social Structure (1954) said; â€Å"the mere fact that two groups of people are of different culture does not necessarily imply – as has nearly always been assumed – that they belong to two quite different social systems (Leach 1954: 17) Assuming that ethnic groups are cultural groups will fail to address various aspects of ethnic phenomena. † Other than that, Ethnic groups cannot be defined by culture. An ethnic group is a group of people who believe that they share the same ancestry, history, cultural traits such as language and religion which are distinct from other groups.

My Ascent Into 8th Grade Stardom :: essays research papers

My Ascent into 8th Grade StardomIt was very hard moving to a new town in the summer of 1994. This event meant having to attend a new middle school and reestablish myself in a new environment. Even though I had moved about every two years of my entire life, that did not make this time any easier. I still had to make new friends and ground myself all over again.Middle School, like most other middle schools, had an "in" crowd. At Crossroads, it was mainly the football players. After I started school at Crossroads, football tryouts were being staged. I saw this as a most significant event on my path through adolescence, a chance to get recognized by my new school, as well as a chance to make some friends and gain some glory along the way. Getting up at one Saturday morning and going up to the school, I was very nervous about whether I would make the team or not. I've always had athletic ability, but since this was a new town, I was unsure about how my skills would compare with the other kids. Football tryout was a grueling event. When tryouts started, it was explained to all of us that the coaches would run drills in order to gauge our skills, and then place us in specific position groups. After the drills, which I did exceptionally well in , Coach Jones placed me in the running back group. He told me that I was extremely strong and fast, and that I would make a good tailback. It felt so good, not only making the team, but being singled out by Coach Jones as possibly one of the better players on the squad.Throughout the next couple of weeks, the Crossroads Vikings held football practice every day after school from 2:45 until 5:00. We always started with some team stretching and then we moved onto our positional drills. We running backs always had drills such as running through ropes and practicing plays. It was fun. As the days and practices went by, I made many new friends. All the starters, me being the starting tailback, just began to hang out together, in and out of school. That is just the way it went. Chad, Rick, Bill, Derek, Ben, and I were hanging out together all the time. Eventually, they introduced to me to all the "cool" kids in school and the feeling of being the "new kid" went away.

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay

The Fitbit Company is always in search of new ideas and products to develop to meet an ever evolving technology market. In order for the company to achieve success, there must be constant research, innovation, and market strategy. The Fitbit product is the flagship of the company and enjoys enormous popularity. However, in order to keep the product relevant, new ideas must be brought to the table. The designer Fitbit will be the newest product in a successful line of devices. In order for the product to be successful, a roadmap will need to be laid out showing how the company will prepare for the production and release of the product. Anytime a new product is planned to be marketed, business research is conducted to allow leadership the opportunity to make sound decisions about the device. The new designer Fitbit will reenergize the Fitbit line creating new buzz about the existing technology. It will also fill a space in the market for consumer who want the utility of the Fitbit with the style of a designer watch. Finally, it will help boost current sales by bringing in a new consumer base that was previously untapped. One of the most important ways by which the company can satisfy these objectives is through the use of strict and professional business research. Reference Cooper, D.R., & Schindler, P.S. (2014). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Law Case Study Wholesome Vegetables Ltd

INTRODUCTION A contract has been defined as a legally binding agreement or, in the words of Sir Frederick Pollock: ‘A promise or set of promises which the law will enforce’. However, not all promises or agreements give rise to contracts. According to the case study, Andrew, who works as a salesman at Wholesome Vegetables Ltd, offering to sell Ben 100 bags of potatoes at ? 10 per bag. At first Ben accepted Andrew’s offer but when he heard the news about a slump in the price of potatoes which has fallen to ? 7 per bag, he refuses to accept delivery of Andrew’s pricey potatoes.Therefore there are some issues discussed based on this situation. The discussion includes the requirements that must be met for a contract to exist between Andrew and Ben, the legal effect of Andrew’s fax and Ben’s letter and the explanation of Ben’s text message. QUESTION 1 A contract has many definitions, but one of the simplest definitions for a contract is a â⠂¬Å"promise enforceable by law† (Michael. H, 2010). The promise may be to do something or to refrain from doing something. The making of a contract requires the mutual assent (agreement) of two or more person, one of them normally making an offer and the other accepting it.If one of the parties (persons) fails to keep his or her promise, the other is entitled to legal recourse against that person. There are seven requirements necessary for a contract to be valid (Riches. S,2009): 1. Agreement The first requisite of any contract is an agreement. At least two parties are required; one of them, the offeror, makes an offer which the other, the offeree, accepts. In this case, Andrew is the offeror and the offeree is Ben. 2. 1 Offer An offer is an expression of willingness to contract made with an intention that it shall become binding on the offeror as soon as it is accepted by the offeree.A genuine offer is different from what is known as an â€Å"invitation to treat†, i. e . where a party is merely inviting offers, which he is then free to accept or reject. The following are examples of invitation to treat: auction, display of goods, advertisements, mere statements of price and tenders. An offer can be terminated by acceptance, rejection, revocation, counter offer, lapse of time, failure of a condition and death. 2. 2 Acceptance Once the presence of a valid offer has been established, the next stage in the information of an agreement is to find an acceptance of that offer. The acceptance must be made while the offer is still open.It must be absolute and unqualified. 2. Consideration The mere fact of agreement alone does not make a contract. Both parties to the contract must provide consideration if they wish to sue on the contract. This means that each side must promise to give or do something for the other. 3. 3 Executory consideration Consideration is called â€Å"executory† where there is an exchange of promises to perform acts in the future , eg a bilateral contract for the supply of goods whereby A promises to deliver goods to B at a future date and B promises to pay on delivery. If A does not deliver them, this is a breach of contract and B can sue.If A delivers the goods his consideration then becomes executed. 3. 4 Executed consideration If one party makes a promise in exchange for an act by the other party, when that act is completed, it is executed consideration, eg in a unilateral contract where A offers ? 50 reward for the return of her lost handbag, if B finds the bag and returns it, B's consideration is executed. There are some rules governed in consideration. Consideration must not be in the past. If one party voluntarily performs an act, and the other party then makes a promise, the consideration for the promise is said to be in the past.Past consideration is regarded as no consideration at all. Consideration must move from the promise. If A (the promisor) makes a promise to B (the promise), the promise wil l only be enforceable (unless made in the form of a deed) if B can show that he has provided consideration in return for A’ promise. Consideration must not be illegal. The courts will not entertain an action where the consideration is contrary to a rule of law or is immoral. Consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate. It must be possible to attach some value to the consideration but there is no requirement for the bargain to be strictly commercial. . Intention The parties must intend the agreement to be legally binding. The nearest the courts can get to discover this intention is to apply an objective test and judge the situation by what was said and done. The law divides agreements into two groups, social ; domestic agreements and business agreements. 4. Form Some contracts are indeed in writing but the majority are created much more informally either orally or implied from conduct. Generally, the law does not require complex formalities to be observed to form a contract. Some types of contracts which are exceptions to this rule.They are contracts which must be in the form of a deed, contracts which must be in writing and contracts and contracts which must be evidenced in writing. 5. Capacity Capacity is also one of the requirements for a contract to be valid. The parties must be legally capable of entering into a contract. There are, however, some groups of people who are in need of the law’s protection either because of their age or inability to appreciate their own actions. The groups which are covered bu special rules are those under the age of 18 (minors), mental patients and drunks. . Genuineness of consent The most basic requirement of a contract is the presence of an agreement. It must have been entered into voluntarily and involved ‘a genuine meeting of minds’. The agreement may be invalidated by a number of factors which are mistake, misrepresentation, duress and undue influence. 7. Legality The principle of freedom of contract is subject to a basic rule that the courts will not uphold an agreement which is illegal or contrary to public policy. Where the contract involves some kind of moral wrongdoing, it will be illegal.If, however, the conduct is neither immoral nor blameworthy, but simply undesirable, the contract will be void. A court may object to an agreement either because of a rule of common law or because it is contrary to statute. In a nut shell, all the requirements stated above must be met for a contract to exist between Andrew and Ben. Question 2 In the case study given, Andrew’s letter on the 21st February is considered as an offer in the law of contract. An offer is an expression of willingness to contract made with the intention that it shall become binding on the offeror as soon as it is accepted by the offeree.It is clearly stated that its an offer when Andrew wrote a letter to Ben, owner of the retail shop offering to sell him 100 bags of potatoes at 10 per ba g. This is also known as a bilateral contract in the law of contract. An example to exemplify this case (Carlil v Carbolic Smoke Ball). Ben’s reply on the 23rd February is acceptance. He replied accepting Andrew’s offer but adding that if he did not hear from Andrew, he would assume that the price included delivery to his (Ben’s) shop. On the 24th February, the acceptance to be considered as an counter-offer introducing the new requirements.If in his reply to an offer, the offeree introduces a new term or varies the terms of the offer, then that reply cannot amount to an acceptance. Instead, the reply is treated as a â€Å"counter offer†, which the original offeror is free to accept or reject. A counter-offer also amounts to a rejection of the original offer which cannot then be subsequently accepted. This can be seen in the case of ( Hyde v Wrench). Based on the case given, on the 24th February, before Ben’s letter arrived. Andrew heard a rumour t hat the price of potatoes was about to slump dramatically. Andrew immediately sent a fax to Ben, stating that the price includes delivery.This is merely counter offering the previous offer. Therefore, when Ben also heard the news about the slump in the price of potatoes where upon he sent Andrew a text message stating ‘decline your offer of pots’ clearly shows that he varies the terms of the offer and it cannot amount to an acceptance. A counter-offer should be distinguished from a mere request for information. If A makes an offer on his standard document and B accepts on a document containing his conflicting standard terms, a contract will be made on B's terms if A acts upon B's communication, example by delivering goods.This situation is known as the â€Å"battle of the forms†. An example to this is the case of (Stevenson v Mc Lean). Wrapping up the case, in the case of Andrew v Ben, it is undoubtedly seen that counter-offer takes place and hence Ben’s i s competent to reject the delivery of Andrew’s pricey potatoes. Question 3 On 24 February before 10 a. m, Andrew heard rumors about the price drop in potatoes market. He immediately send a fax to Ben stating that â€Å"price include delivery†. This shows that offeror had sent a fax to offeree just to provide additional service without extra charges.As Ben already accept the offer on 23 February, and the offer is now ? 10 per bag of potatoes including delivery fee with extra service provide. The contract is still accepted by Ben and just added additional services which show in fax â€Å"price include delivery† as additional contract terms confirm that Andrew will provide ? 10 per bag of potatoes including delivery fee. Even if offeree does not want to accept additional terms from offerer, offeree is still in a previous contract position which is accepting the contract. On 24 February after 10 a. m, Ben had receive a fax from Andrew which stated that â€Å"price include delivery†.Ben accepts the offer of Andrew for ? 10 per bag of potatoes includes delivery, and so Ben posted a letter to confirm his acceptance of Andrew terms. When a letter is posted, the acceptance of the contract is consider accepted. According to Postal Acceptance Rules, once the letter is posted, it is consider as acceptance no matter it reached the offeror or not at that time (Duhaime, n. d. ). There is a similar case of Postal Acceptance Rule: Household Fire Insurance Co. V. Grant. During 30 September 1874, Grant had applied for 100 shares from Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company Ltd.The company had accepted Grant offer and allotted him 100 shares on 20 October 1874 which using letter posted the confirmation to Grant address. However, the letter does not reach Grant address which means Grant did not receive the acceptance letter from Household Fire Insurance Company. Grant though that his offer for 100 shares has not been approved. On March 18 77, Grant received a letter demanding payment upon the call of 100 shares. The jury also found that the letter of Grant allotment had been posted on 20 October 1874. For the above case Fire Insurance Co. V.Grant, the court concluded that there was a valid contract base on the Postal Acceptance Rule. Because the rule for post is the acceptance is effective even if the letter did not arrive to the parties. The Postal Acceptance Rule is design to prevent anyone try to opt out of the rule, once someone posted acceptance, the contract had came into effect. This rule can apply to Ben and Andrew case, which Ben posted a letter which confirms the acceptance of the contract terms between Andrew and Ben. Which means once the offeree posted the acceptance letter, the contract is consider bound to the offerer.However, over the lunch time, Ben also heard news about the slump price in potatoes market. Ben immediately sends a text message stating that â€Å"decline your offer of pots† to An drew. This means that after Ben knew about the slump price in potatoes, he send text message to Andrew to reject his offer. This text message is come secondly after the letter posted. According to Postal Acceptance Rule the counter acceptance or rejection will only be replace if the parties mention it from their contract, required receive by offeror in order to be treat as acceptance (Corrigan, 1997).There is a similar case of replace acceptance â€Å"Entores V. Miles Far East Corp†. Entores and Miles Far East Corp are communicated trade agreements through Telex machine. Entores was base in London and send telex for purchase of copper from company Miles Far East Corp base in Amsterdam. Entores found out that Miles Far East Corp was not fulfilled the contract and sue the Corp for damages. Entores sue Miles Far East Corp for breach of contract in English law jurisdiction. It could prove that the contract was formed within the jurisdiction.The court concluded that, when offer is made by telex or text message, the offeror must receive the acceptance. If the offeror is receiving the telex, it is consider contract is bound. This same goes to the letter of Ben post, even if the letter is not reached Andrew, the contract of acceptance is considered to be bound. The text message send by Ben afterward is decide by Andrew either to be accept or to be reject the rejection from Ben. The contract of Ben and Andrew is still ? 10 per bag of potatoes includes delivery is already accepted by Ben.According to Ben and Andrew case, when the price of potatoes drop to ? 7 per bag, Andrew immediately counter offer to Ben include delivery, Ben accept Andrew terms before knowing the price drop in Potatoes. After that, Ben realise the price drop of potatoes, he reject the offer and refuse to accept delivery of Andrew pricey potatoes. If offeree refuses to accept the delivery of offerer pricey potatoes, offeree will be breaching the contract terms and fall under offer acceptance l aw case. As the contract of Ben and Andrew is ? 10 per bag of potatoes include delivery which is accepted by Ben.The contract is still active between Ben and Andrew, once the contract is bind between offeror and offeree is not able to revoke. The following rejection by text message from Ben to Andrew is considered as another term of new offer contract which needed Andrew to be accepting. However, Andrew didn’t reply the acceptance of Ben rejection. This means that, Ben have to stick to the first terms of ? 10 per bag of potatoes include delivery. If the case is bring to the court, mostly Andrew will win the case as according to the contract terms, Ben already accept the offer of ? 0 per bag of potatoes include delivery. The offeree (Ben) had accepted the offer at first and the counter rejection of offeree will not be taken in place if the offeror (Andrew) did not want to accept the rejection from offeree. If the offeror (Andrew) did not accept the counter rejection, it consid er as Ben accept the offer and need to purchase ? 10 per bag of potatoes include delivery from Andrew for 100 bags. If Ben is still refuse to accept the Andrew offer, Ben will need to pay compensation to Andrew for breach of contract. Question 4On 21st of February, Andrew is salesman at Wholesome Vegetables Ltd, who offered to sell 100 bags of potatoes at ? 10 to Ben, owner of retail shop. On 23rd of February, Ben replied accepting Andrew’s offer but adding the delivery to his (Ben’s) shop into the price if he did not hear from Andrew. It means the price of potatoes is ? 10 per bag included delivery. On 24th of February, Andrew heard that the price of potatoes is going to fall down dramatically and later Ben is received a fax from Andrew stated that â€Å"price include delivery†. Before 10 a. m, Ben received Andrew’s fax and he accepted the offer of Andrew for ? 0 per bag of potatoes included delivery. After Ben sent a fax to Andrew about his acceptance, both of them already formed a contract of law. The issue appeared in this case when Ben knew about a slump in the price of potatoes over lunch, he sent Andrew a text message â€Å"decline your offer of pots† and he was too late to revoke his acceptance of Andrew’s term because they already made a contract after 10 a. m on 24th of February. The reason Ben wanted to revoke the contract because the price of potatoes in contract that Ben have to pay for Andrew is more expensive than after a slump in the price.Revocation is effective when it is communicated to the offeree before he or she has accepted the offer (Will and Weinstein, 2010) Revocation is one of termination of contract that has similar situation in this case: Byrne and Leon van Tienhoven [1880]. On 1st of October, Leon Van Tienhoven were defendants located in Cardiff, they sent a letter from their office to Byrne ; Co in New York offering to sell the plaintiffs 1,000 boxes of tin plates. On 11th of October, the plaintiffs immediately telegraphed acceptance of offer after they received the letter and it is confirmed in a letter posted on 15th of October.Meanwhile, on 8th of October, the defendants had written a letter to revoke their offer, and it came to plaintiffs on 20th of October. A binding contract was held, because revocation was only influenced by communication, however, the acceptance was telegraphed took effect as soon as it was sent. In this case, it took 9 days from 11th to 20th of October for plaintiffs to received revocation. On 11th of October, the contract had been made already at that time the second letter form defendants reached the plaintiffs.The contract had been existed in this case when the claimants accepted the defendants’ offer at that date. Lindley J, who was giving judgment for plaintiffs, stated that â€Å"the extreme injustice and inconvenience which other conclusion would produce† (Cheshire, Fifoot ; Furmston’sLaw of contract, 1996). This issue happened because the letter of revocation had no communication to the offeree. According to Introduction to the law of contract, the offer could be revoked by offeror without telling offeree, and the information may be conveyed by a reliable third party.In the case of business, a letter from offeror to offereeon a normal working day should be treated as a communication even if unopened (Cheshirem, Fifoot;Furmston’s Law of contract, 1996). Held: In this particular case, Lindle J had no authority in fact given by the plaintiffs to defendants to inform a withdrawal of their offer by posting the letter, the fact is the letter of the 8th of October is be treated as communicated to the plaintiffs on that day or any day before the 20th. ConclusionIn conclusion, Ben has a legal binding contract with Andrew. According to the case of Andrew v Ben, it is noticeably seen that the whole cased is based on the law of contract. A contract may be defined as a legally binding agreement or, in the words of Sir Frederick Pollock:†A promise or set of promises which the law will enforce†. The agreement will create rights and obligations that may be enforced in the courts. It is classified as a contract is deed and it is known as a bilateral contract.This imply where a promise of one party is exchanged for a promise by the other. The exchange of promises is enough to render them both enforceable. Thus in a contract for the sale of goods, the buyer promises to pay the price and the seller promises to deliver the goods. The elements involved in the contract are agreement, consideration, intention to create legal relation and consent. A contract which possesses all these requirements is said to be valid. The absence of an essential element will render the contract void, voidable or unenforceable.The terms of the contract is Ben accepting 100 bags of potatoes for ? 10 per bag of potatoes including delivery fee from Andrew. If let say offerer (Andrew) accept the rejection of offeree (Ben) text message, the acceptance contract will be terminated. However, if offerer (Andrew) still deciding to supply the stock of potatoes to offeree (Ben), Ben would have to purchase the 100 bags of potatoes with ? 10 per bag of potatoes including delivery fee. On the other hand, if offeree (Ben) refuses to accept the 100 bags of potatoes with ? 0 per bag including delivery, offerer (Andrew) can sue offeree (Ben) for breach of contract. The probability of claimant (Andrew) could win the case is high as defendant (Ben) has proven accept the acceptance contract terms. In our opinion, this case study is related to offer and acceptance rules. The oferee (Ben) should accept the 100 bags of potatoes for ? 10 per bag of potatoes including delivery fee as offerer (Andrew) has an evidence of acceptance contract binding between Ben and Andrew.